Due to the importance of Tabriz in various historical periods after the Mongol’s invasion to the end of the Qajar period, as continuously being the capital city or the residence city of the prince, entrance to this city has been reflected in various reports. Most of the foreigners who entered Iran from European countries came from Caucasus Road to Tabriz and reported many buildings on their way. Moreover, this road was one of the most significant roadways for Caravans on the Silk Road, where various residential buildings have been constructed. Alaki caravansarai is one of the most important roadside accommodations in Northwest Iran, and so many reports about it and the quality of its façade decorations can be traced in the travelogues of foreigners who traveled to Iran. Its vastitude and elegant entrance gate nevertheless, this building has unfortunately been neglected and was about to be ruined in the 19th century and afterward. However, the beauty of its entrance gate has gained the attention of many people and has been reported in many sources. Based on the ornaments used, recent sources in the history of architecture have estimated its date to the 12th century and Ilkhanid Abū Saʿīd Bahādor Khan and the Timurid period. These sources based their estimation only on the type of ornaments used on its entrance gate and its probable that the existence of dated artworks of the Ilkhanid period nearby, such as the Mihrab of Marand’s Jame Mosque, has influenced this speculation. This article aims to meticulously study this building in various travelogues, al-Wqafīyya al-Rashīdīyya, and other sources in the history of architecture and discusses the ornament types used and their history. The detailed study of the documents and sources indicated that this building could belong to the presidency period of Ḵᵛāja Rašid-al-Din Fażl-Allāh, and based on his emphasis to establish this building, can be dated 1297-1309. The ornaments, moreover, indicate the transient period from brickwork to tilework which happened in the late 13th and early 14th centuries

Background: Gliomas are the most common primary neoplasms of the central nervous system. RELATIVE cerebral blood volume (rCBV) could estimate high-grade Gliomas computed with dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging which it is artificially lowered by contrast extravasation through a disrupted blood-brain barrier.Objectives: Our intent was to clarify the usefulness of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) and perfusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (PWI) in the grading of Gliomas.Materials and Methods: Both PWI and DWI with a three-tesla scanner investigated nineteen consecutive patients with Gliomas. The means of rCBV and ADC values have been compared among the tumor groups with t-test and ROC curve analysis to determine threshold values of Gliomas grading.Results: Mean maximum rCBV were 2.71±1.41 for low grades (I & II), and 8.14±2.58 for high grades (III & IV) Gliomas (p=0.001). Mean minimum ADC were 1.47±.46 ´103 mm2/s for low grades (I & II), and.47±.38´103 mm2/s for high grades (III & IV) Gliomas (p=0.001). We can get 0.94×103 mm2/s for minimum ADC and 3.85 for maximum rCBV as a difference cutoff point between low and high-grade Gliomas.Conclusion: Combination of both DWI and PWI techniques, with measurement of minimum ADC and maximum rCBV can be used to distinguish between high grade and low-grade Glioma tumors.

Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean RELATIVE yield and RELATIVE yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

Tunnel construction in soft ground causes ground displacements around it. Displacements influence surface and subsurface structures in urban areas and cause serious DAMAGEs and injuries. So prediction of ground deformations and involved possible DAMAGEs on surrounding structures are major parts of designing and planning in soft ground tunnelling. In this paper, O7 station of line7- Tehran metro was modeled using FLAC3D. This station is located in residential and commercial region with high density. Station excavated using underground method. At first, a gallery was excavated in middle of station in order to access and excavation of lateral piles and concrete arcs. To control the settlement, piles and concrete arcs created as temporary support with 1.2m spacing. In the next stage inside of station excavated and permanent support installed. It found that two buildings located in influence area of the station. Since the obtained value of settlement for both buildings was higher than 10mm, so in first stage assessment of risk DAMAGE these buildings were in unsafe region. Then second stage assessment of risk DAMAGE conducted using RELATIVE stiffness method. In this stage, building located in safe region. Therefore, It can be concluded that excavation of station has no risk DAMAGE on surrounding structures.

Weed leaf area DAMAGE COEFFICIENT (l) denotes the increase in weed competitiveness per unit increase in its leaf area.Although the variability of this parameter has been confirmed, it was assumed to be constant in many researches. The objective of this study was to determine the interactions between herbicide dose andλ. Field experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between competitive indices of maize, Xanthium strumarium and Amaranthus retroflexusduring 2007 and 2008. Five doses of the herbicide nicosulfuron as main factor, and 16 density combinations comprised of 4 densities of A. retroflexus × 4 densities of X. strumarium as sub plots were arranged in a one-replicate split factorial. ForA. retroflexus, the l value was constant. For X. strumarium, the l value was constant with no herbicide and 0.25 rate of the full dose. With increasing the dose up to half the recommended dose, the l value increased and again with increasing dose to 0.75 rate, it returned to the level with no herbicide. This relationship was properly described by Gaussian model. Herbicide at half rate probably removed the apical dominance and increased the number of lateral shoots. Herbicide as an external factor was the most important determinant in the change of X. strumoriumcanopy shape. Deep understanding of the system behavior, relations and interactions with herbicide applications is of great help in improving the predictive power of weed management models

Usefulness and validity of different empirical yield loss models to predict the effect of common lambsquarters competition in corn were evaluated in a two year experiment in Karaj, Iran during 2001 and 2002 growing seasons. Experimental factors were 2, 5, 10 and 15 plants m-2 in the first experiment and 6.6, 13.3 and 20 plants m-2 in the second experiment and RELATIVE time of common lambsquarters emergence of simultaneous to, at 2-3 and 4-5 leaf stages of corn in the first experiment and simultaneous to, at 2-3 and 5-6 leaf stages of corn in the second experiment. Results indicated that the highest corn yield and LAI losses were observed at simultaneous emergence of weed and corn resulted in 85 and 92% yield loss, and 73 and 53% LAI loss in the first and second years of experiments, respectively. Also, delaying common lambsquarters emergence reduced its competitive ability against corn. Comparison of different empirical models revealed that the empirical yield loss models based on density and the RELATIVE time of weed emergence, and the weed RELATIVE leaf area, also the rectangular hyperbolic yield loss model based on weed density were more reliable at predicting corn yield and LAI losses according to their high COEFFICIENT of determination (R2). Also, results indicated that the negative effect of the RELATIVE time of common lambsquarters emergence on corn yield loss was more than weed density, so that the rectangular hyperbolic yield loss model based on weed density was more capable to predict yield loss at each of weed emergence times.

Background: Central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma presents as the dense infiltration of tumor cells in the perivascular space and blood-brain barrier disruption, on histopathological examination. The Ki-67 expression has been significantly correlated with tumor proliferation and is considered to be a prognostic factor. Objectives: This study aimed at analyzing the correlations among the apparent diffusion COEFFICIENT (ADC), the RELATIVE cerebral blood volume (rCBV), and the Ki-67 proliferation index in CNS lymphoma. Methods: FromAugust 2019 to March 2020, 26 patients (14menand 12women)whounderwent biopsy or surgery and were histologically confirmed as CNS lymphoma were included in this retrospective study. Diffusion and perfusion acquisitions were performed in 26 and 10 examinations, respectively. The Ki-67 proliferation index was available for all cases. Results: The mean tADC, rADC, and rCBV values were 0. 61  0. 12  10-3 mm2/s, 0. 73  0. 14, and 1. 1  0. 32, respectively. Negative correlations were identified between both tADC and rADC and the Ki-67 proliferation index (r =-0. 656, P < 0. 01 and r =-0. 540, P < 0. 01, respectively). No significant correlations were found between rCBV values and the Ki-67 proliferation index, between rCBV and rADC, or between rCBV and tADC. Conclusions: tADC and rADC values can be used as noninvasive indicators to predict cell proliferation in CNS lymphoma.